2. While the Congress succeeded in building up a nationalist consciousness sufficient to exert pressure on British to quit India, it could not complete the task of welding that nation and integrate the Muslims into thus nation.
3. On the other hand the British started loosing their grip due to demoralization of British
officials and the changing loyalties of Indian officials. when loyalists began to disappear it was realized that the legitimacy which they claimed was also sinking. Thus paucity of
European recruits to ICS and policy of Indianization ended British domination of ICS
4. Added to this were the economic worries which had set in due to inflation.
5. British had relied over the years on a twin policy of conciliation and repression. But after the Cripps Offer of 1942, there was little left to offer as concession except transfer of power-full freedom.
6. British finally decided to effect a settlement for good future relations between India and Britain
7. Cabinet Mission was sent to India in 1946 to negotiate setting up of national government and machinery for transfer of power. The British preferred a united India, in sharp contrast to earlier declarations.
8. Congress and League interpreted the Plan in their own way both seeing it as a confirmation of their own stand.
9. Congress maintained that it was against Pak, that League’s veto was gone and that 1
Constituent Assembly was envisaged.
10. On the other hand, League maintained that, Pakistan was accepted by the Plan by virtue of compulsory grouping.
11. Jinnah withdrew the League’s acceptance of Mission Plan
12. Interim Govt was formed on 2 nd Sept 1946 with only Congress members
13. To this Jinnah reacted with Direct Action which resulted in communal frenzy in Calcutta on 16 Aug 1946.
14. Wavell, Viceroy quietly brought the League into the Interim Govt.
15. League members refused to cooperate with the Congress men and often disrupted its
proceedings.
16. This developing crisis was temporarily diffused by Attlee when he declared the date for British withdrawal from India was fixed as 30 June 1948 and appointment of new Viceroy,
Mountbatten. This was welcomed by the Congress.
17. Partition of the country was implied in the proviso that if Constituent Assembly was not fully representative power would be transferred to more than one central govt.
18. Mountbatten came to India, by now he was clear that Cabinet Mission Plan was a dead horse.
Jinnah was adamant that Muslims would settle for nothing less than a sovereign state.
19. Finally Mountbatten decided to divide India and came up with The Mountbatten Plan on 3 rd June, 1947 which sought to affect an early transfer of power on the basis of Dominion Status to India and Pakistan. The rationale for the early date for transfer of power, 15th Aug 1947, was securing Congress to Dominion Status.
20. The additional benefit was that the British could escape responsibility for the rapidly
deteriorating communal situation.
21. acceptance of partition had become inevitable because of the long-term failure of the Congress to draw in Muslim masses and overcome the Muslim communalism particularly after 1937.
22. the failure was revealed more clearly by the 1936 elections in which the League won 90% Muslim seats.
23. collapse of interim government also made Pakistan unavoidable reality
24. prospect of balkanization was ruled out. provinces and princes were only left with option of joining one or other dominion.
25. Partition was accepted on the basis of few unreal hopes they were:- once the British left, differences would be patched up and free India would be built; that Partition was temporary it had become unavoidable because of present psyche of Hindus and Muslims but, was reversible once communal passions subsided.
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